list of antibacterial drugs || classification and dose || pharmacyteach.com

 

list of antibacterial drugs || classification and dose || pharmacyteach.com

 Antibacterial drugs

What Are the Different Types of Antibacterial Drugs?

Antibacterial drugs come in many different types. Some are broad-spectrum, which means they work against a wide variety of bacteria. Others are targeted against specific types of bacteria.

Read this;

structure and classification of bacteria

Your doctor will prescribe the right type of antibacterial drug for your infection, based on the type of bacteria causing it. Some common types of antibacterial drugs include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, and tetracyclines.

Chemical classification

Sulfonamides and related drugs:

• Sulfadiazine and others,
• Sulfones—Dapsone (DDS),
• Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS).

Diaminopyrimidines:

• Trimethoprim,
• Pyrimethamine.

Quinolones:

• Nalidixic acid,
• Norfloxacin,
• Ciprofloxacin,
• Gatifloxacin, etc.

β-lactam antibiotics:

• Penicillins,
• Cephalosporins,
• Monobactams,
• Carbapenems,
• β-lactamase inhibitors—Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam.

Tetracyclines:

• Oxytetracycline,
• Doxycycline, etc.

Nitrobenzene derivative:

• Chloramphenicol.

Aminoglycosides:

• Streptomycin,
• Gentamicin,
• Amikacin,
• Neomycin

Macrolide antibiotics:

• Erythromycin,
• Roxithromycin,
• Clarithromycin,
• Azithromycin.

Lincosamide antibiotics:

• Lincomycin,
• Clindamycin.

Glycopeptides:

• Vancomycin,
• Teicoplanin.

Oxazolidinone:

• Linezolid.

Polypeptide antibiotics:

• Polymyxin-B,
• Colistin,
• Bacitracin,
•  Tyrothricin.

Nitrofuran derivatives:

• Nitrofurantoin,
•  Furazolidone.

Nitroimidazoles:

•  Metronidazole,
•  Tinidazole

Nicotinic acid derivatives:

• Isoniazid,
• Pyrazinamide,
• Ethionamide.

Others:

• Rifampin,
• Spectinomycin,
• Cycloserine,
• Viomycin,
• Ethambutol,
• Thiacetazone,
• Clofazimine.

Read this 

structure and classification of bacteria

Mechanism Classification

Inhibit cell wall synthesis:

• Penicillins,
• Cephalosporins,
• Cycloserine,
• Vancomycin,
• Bacitracin.

Cause leakage from cell membranes:

Polypeptides

• Polymyxins,
• Colistin,
• Bacitracin.

Inhibit protein synthesis:

• Tetracyclines,
• Chloramphenicol,
• Erythromycin,
• Clindamycin,
• Linezolid.

Cause misreading of mRNA code and affect permeability:

Aminoglycosides

• Streptomycin,
• Gentamicin, etc.

Inhibit DNA gyrase:

Fluoroquinolones

• Ciprofloxacin etc.

Interfere with DNA function:

• Rifampin,
• Metronidazole.

Interfere with intermediary metabolism:

Sulfonamides,

• Sulfones,
• PAS,
• Trimethoprim,

Ethambutol.

Action Classification

Primarily bacteriostatic

• Sulfonamides
• Ethambutol
• Tetracyclines
• Clindamycin
• Chloramphenicol
• Linezolid
• Erythromycin
• Sulfonamides

Primarily bactericidal

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Aminoglycosides
• Vancomycin
• Polypeptides
•  Nalidixic acid
• Rifampin
• Ciprofloxacin
• Cotrimoxazole
• Metronidazole
• Isoniazid
• Pyrazinamide

Spectrum Activity Classification

Narrow spectrum   

• Streptomycin                         
• Penicillin G                                                                            
• Erythromycin

Intermediate spectrum

• Aminopenicillins
• Cephalosporins (2nd/3rd Gen)
• Fluoroquinolones
• Newer macrolides

Broad-spectrum

• Tetracyclines
• Chloramphenicol

Sulfonamides

Short-acting (4–8 hr):

• Sulfadiazine.

Intermediate-acting (8–12 hr):

•  Sulfamethoxazole.

Long-acting (~7 days):

• Sulfadoxine,
• Sulfamethopyrazine.

Special Purpose sulfonamides:

•  Sulfacetamide sod.
• Sulfasalazine,
•  Mafenide,
•  Silver sulfadiazine.

Combinations

 Cotrimoxazole

 (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 1:5)

 Cotrimazine

 (Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine 1:5)

 

PENICILLINS

A). Natural Penicillin

• Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin G)

B). Semisynthetic Penicillins

1). Acid resistant alternative to penicillin G

• Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V).

2). Penicillinase resistant penicillins

• Methicillin,
• Cloxacillin.

3). Extended-spectrum penicillins

(a) Aminopenicillins:

• Ampicillin,
• Bacampicillin,
• Amoxicillin.

(b). Carboxypenicillins:

• Carbenicillin,
• Ticarcillin.

(c). Ureidopenicillins:

• Piperacillin,
•  Mezlocillin.

C).  β-lactamase inhibitors

• Clavulanic acid,
• Sulbactam,
• Tazobactam

CEPHALOSPORINS

First-generation

Parenteral        

• Cephalothin    
• Cefazolin              

Oral

• Cephalexin
• Cephradine
• Cefadroxil

 

Second generation

Parenteral           

• Cefuroxime                
• Cefoxitin                     

Oral

• Cefaclor
• Cefuroxime axetil
• Cefprozil

 

Third generation

Parenteral

• Cefotaxime
• Ceftizoxime
• Ceftriaxone
• Ceftazidime
• Cefoperazone

Oral

• Cefixime
• Cefpodoxime proxetil
• Cefdinir
• Ceftibuten
• Ceftamet pivoxil

Fourth generation

Parenteral

• Cefepime
• Cefpirome

MONOBACTAMS

• Aztreonam: 0.5–2 g i.m. or i.v. 6–12 hourly;

CARBAPENEMS

Imipenem-cilastatin:

• 0.5 g i.v. 6 hourly (max 4 g/day).

Meropenem:

•  0.5–2 g i.v. 8 hourly (10–20 mg/kg every 8 hours);

Faropenem:

•  200-300 mg TDS oral;

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Systemic aminoglycosides

• Streptomycin
• Gentamicin
• Kanamycin
• Tobramycin
•  Amikacin
• Sisomicin
• Netilmicin

Topical aminoglycosides

• Neomycin
• Framycetin

Quinolones

Non-Fluorinated Quinolone

• Nalidixic acid

First-generation Fluoroquinolones

• Norfloxacin
• Ofloxacin
• Ciprofloxacin
• Pefloxacin

Second generation Fluoroquinolones

• Lomefloxacin
• Levofloxacin
• Sparfloxacin
•  Gatifloxacin
• Moxifloxacin

Third generation Fluoroquinolones

• Gemifloxacin
• Prulifloxacin

Macrolide Antibiotics

Erythromycin:

• 250–500 mg 6 hourly (max. 4 g/day), 
• children 30–60 mg/kg/day.

Roxithromycin:

•  150–300 mg BD 30 min before meals, 
• children 2.5–5 mg/kg BD;

Clarithromycin:

• 250 mg BD for 7 days; 
• severe cases 500 mg BD up to 14 days;

Azithromycin:

• 500 mg once daily 1 hour before or 2 hours after food (children above 6 months 10 mg/kg) for 3 days is sufficient for most infections;

Spiramycin:

•  3 million units (MU) twice daily oral;

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol:

250–500 mg 6 hourly oral (max 28 g total in a course), children 25–50 mg/kg/day; 0.5–1% topically in the eye, 5– 10% topically in-ear; rarely 1% on the skin;

Chloramphenicol palmitate

 (Tasteless insoluble ester of  chloramphenicol for liquid oral formulation):

Chloramphenicol succinate

 (soluble ester of chloramphenicol for i.v. injection):

Tetracyclines

Oxytetracycline:

• 250–500 mg TDS–QID oral, 
• 500 mg 6–12 hourly by slow i.v. in; 1–3% by topical application;

Tetracycline:

• 250–500 mg TDS–QID oral; 1–3% topically in the eye/ear/on the skin;  

Demeclocycline  (Demethylchlortetracycline):

• 300–600 mg BD oral;

Doxycycline:

• 200 mg initially followed by 100–200 mg OD oral;

Minocycline:

• 100 mg OD–BD oral;

 

Lincosamide Antibiotics

Lincomycin:

• 500 mg TDS–QID oral;
•  600 mg i.m. or by i.v infusion 6–12 hrly;

Clindamycin:

• 150–300 mg QID oral; 
• 200–600 mg i.v. 8 hourly;

Aminocyclitol Antibiotic

Spectinomycin:

• Gonorrhea—2 g i.m. single dose (4 g in resistant cases);
• Disseminated gonococcal infection—2 g i.m. BD.

Glycopeptide Antibiotics

Vancomycin:

• 125–500 mg oral, 0.5 g 6 hourly or 1.0 g 12 hourly by i.v. infusion over 1 hour;

Teicoplanin:

• 400 mg first day—then 200 mg daily i.v. or i.m.;
• severe infection 400 mg 12 hourly × 3 doses—then 400 mg daily;

Oxazolidinone

Linezolid:

• 600 mg BD, oral/i.v.;

Polypeptide Antibiotics

Polymyxin B:

• 5000–10,000 U/g for topical application(1 mg=10,000 U);

Colistin sulfate:

• 25–100 mg TDS oral;

Bacitracin:

• 250–500 U/g for topical application (IU = 26 μg);

Tyrothricin:

• 0.2–0.5 mg/g for topical application

Urinary Antiseptics

 Nitrofurantoin:

• 50–100 mg 3 to 4 times a day oral;

Methenamine (Hexamine) mandelate:

• 1.0 g 3–4 times/day

Nalidixic acid:

• 0.5–1 g TDS–QID oral

Antileprotic Drugs

Sulfone

• Dapsone (DDS)

Phenazine derivative

• Clofazimine

Antitubercular drugs

•  Rifampin,
• Ethionamide

Other antibiotics

• Ofloxacin,
•  Minocycline,
• Clarithromycin

Antitubercular Drugs

First-line drugs

• Isoniazid (H)
• Rifampin (R)
• Pyrazinamide (Z)
• Ethambutol (E)
• Streptomycin (S)

Second-line drugs

• Thiacetazone (Tzu)          
• Paraaminosalicylic  acid (PAS)                                       
• Ethionamide (Item)                            
• Cycloserine (Cys)                                
• Kanamycin (Kmc)                                              
• Amikacin (Am)
• Capreomycin (Cpr)

Newer drugs

• Ciprofloxacin
• Ofloxacin
• Clarithromycin
• Azithromycin
• Rifabutin